{ "name": "Spanish C1 Core Vocab", "front_language": "Spanish", "back_language": "English", "cards": [ { "front": "la soberanía", "back": "sovereignty", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 1, "example_front": "El tratado no afecta a la soberanía nacional.", "example_back": "The treaty doesn't affect national sovereignty." }, { "front": "la jurisprudencia", "back": "case law", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 2, "example_front": "La sentencia sienta nueva jurisprudencia.", "example_back": "The ruling sets new case law." }, { "front": "la vanguardia", "back": "avant-garde", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 3, "example_front": "El pintor perteneció a la vanguardia surrealista.", "example_back": "The painter belonged to the surrealist avant-garde." }, { "front": "la resiliencia", "back": "resilience", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 4, "example_front": "Mostró una resiliencia admirable tras la pérdida.", "example_back": "She showed admirable resilience after the loss." }, { "front": "la rentabilidad", "back": "profitability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 5, "example_front": "La rentabilidad del negocio ha mejorado.", "example_back": "The business's profitability has improved." }, { "front": "la desinformación", "back": "disinformation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 6, "example_front": "La desinformación se propaga rápido en redes.", "example_back": "Disinformation spreads quickly on social media." }, { "front": "la huella de carbono", "back": "carbon footprint", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 7, "example_front": "La empresa redujo su huella de carbono.", "example_back": "The company reduced its carbon footprint." }, { "front": "el aprendizaje automático", "back": "machine learning", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 8, "example_front": "El sistema usa aprendizaje automático.", "example_back": "The system uses machine learning." }, { "front": "la paradoja", "back": "paradox", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 9, "example_front": "Es una paradoja que sepamos tanto y entendamos tan poco.", "example_back": "It's a paradox that we know so much yet understand so little." }, { "front": "acaecer", "back": "to happen / occur (formal)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 10, "example_front": "El suceso acaeció hace más de un siglo.", "example_back": "The event occurred over a century ago." }, { "front": "la metodología", "back": "methodology", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 11, "example_front": "La metodología del estudio es rigurosa.", "example_back": "The study's methodology is rigorous." }, { "front": "la mutación", "back": "mutation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 12, "example_front": "La mutación genética se transmite a la descendencia.", "example_back": "The genetic mutation is passed on to offspring." }, { "front": "el electorado", "back": "electorate", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 13, "example_front": "El electorado decidirá en las urnas.", "example_back": "The electorate will decide at the polls." }, { "front": "el litigio", "back": "litigation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 14, "example_front": "El litigio se prolongó durante años.", "example_back": "The litigation dragged on for years." }, { "front": "el mecenazgo", "back": "patronage (of the arts)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 15, "example_front": "El mecenazgo permitió terminar la catedral.", "example_back": "Patronage made it possible to finish the cathedral." }, { "front": "el desasosiego", "back": "unease / restlessness", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 16, "example_front": "Sentía un desasosiego difícil de explicar.", "example_back": "He felt an unease hard to explain." }, { "front": "el superávit", "back": "surplus", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 17, "example_front": "El país registró un superávit comercial.", "example_back": "The country recorded a trade surplus." }, { "front": "el titular", "back": "headline", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 18, "example_front": "El titular exageraba la noticia.", "example_back": "The headline exaggerated the story." }, { "front": "el vertido", "back": "spill / dumping", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 19, "example_front": "El vertido tóxico contaminó el río.", "example_back": "The toxic spill contaminated the river." }, { "front": "la ciberseguridad", "back": "cybersecurity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 20, "example_front": "Invierten mucho en ciberseguridad.", "example_back": "They invest heavily in cybersecurity." }, { "front": "la falacia", "back": "fallacy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 21, "example_front": "Su argumento cae en una falacia lógica.", "example_back": "His argument falls into a logical fallacy." }, { "front": "otrora", "back": "formerly", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 22, "example_front": "Otrora próspera, la ciudad hoy está casi vacía.", "example_back": "Once prosperous, the city is now almost empty." }, { "front": "la hipótesis nula", "back": "null hypothesis", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 23, "example_front": "No pudieron rechazar la hipótesis nula.", "example_back": "They couldn't reject the null hypothesis." }, { "front": "el catalizador", "back": "catalyst", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 24, "example_front": "El catalizador acelera la reacción.", "example_back": "The catalyst speeds up the reaction." }, { "front": "la gobernanza", "back": "governance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 25, "example_front": "La buena gobernanza reduce la corrupción.", "example_back": "Good governance reduces corruption." }, { "front": "la comparecencia", "back": "court appearance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 26, "example_front": "Su comparecencia ante el juez es mañana.", "example_back": "His court appearance is tomorrow." }, { "front": "el lienzo", "back": "canvas", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 27, "example_front": "El lienzo mide casi dos metros.", "example_back": "The canvas is almost two meters wide." }, { "front": "la introspección", "back": "introspection", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 28, "example_front": "La terapia fomenta la introspección.", "example_back": "Therapy encourages introspection." }, { "front": "la solvencia", "back": "solvency", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 29, "example_front": "Dudan de la solvencia de la empresa.", "example_back": "They doubt the company's solvency." }, { "front": "la primicia", "back": "scoop (news)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 30, "example_front": "El periódico consiguió la primicia.", "example_back": "The newspaper got the scoop." }, { "front": "el deshielo", "back": "thawing / melting (ice)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 31, "example_front": "El deshielo del glaciar preocupa a los científicos.", "example_back": "The glacier's thawing worries scientists." }, { "front": "el cifrado", "back": "encryption", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 32, "example_front": "Los datos viajan con cifrado de extremo a extremo.", "example_back": "The data travels with end-to-end encryption." }, { "front": "la dicotomía", "back": "dichotomy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 33, "example_front": "Rechaza la dicotomía entre razón y emoción.", "example_back": "She rejects the dichotomy between reason and emotion." }, { "front": "sendos", "back": "each / respective (formal)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 34, "example_front": "Recibieron sendos premios por su trayectoria.", "example_back": "They each received an award for their career." }, { "front": "el corpus", "back": "corpus (of texts/data)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 35, "example_front": "Analizaron un corpus de mil textos.", "example_back": "They analyzed a corpus of a thousand texts." }, { "front": "la entropía", "back": "entropy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 36, "example_front": "La entropía de un sistema aislado nunca disminuye.", "example_back": "The entropy of an isolated system never decreases." }, { "front": "el mandato", "back": "term of office / mandate", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 37, "example_front": "Su mandato termina el año que viene.", "example_back": "His term of office ends next year." }, { "front": "el peritaje", "back": "expert appraisal / testimony", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 38, "example_front": "El peritaje confirmó el valor del inmueble.", "example_back": "The appraisal confirmed the property's value." }, { "front": "la puesta en escena", "back": "staging / mise-en-scène", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 39, "example_front": "La puesta en escena fue muy innovadora.", "example_back": "The staging was very innovative." }, { "front": "el resentimiento", "back": "resentment", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 40, "example_front": "Guardaba resentimiento hacia su hermano.", "example_back": "He held resentment toward his brother." }, { "front": "el déficit", "back": "deficit", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 41, "example_front": "El déficit público sigue creciendo.", "example_back": "The public deficit keeps growing." }, { "front": "el sesgo", "back": "bias", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 42, "example_front": "El artículo muestra un claro sesgo político.", "example_back": "The article shows a clear political bias." }, { "front": "el agotamiento de recursos", "back": "resource depletion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 43, "example_front": "El agotamiento de recursos amenaza la región.", "example_back": "Resource depletion threatens the region." }, { "front": "la brecha digital", "back": "digital divide", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 44, "example_front": "La brecha digital afecta a las zonas rurales.", "example_back": "The digital divide affects rural areas." }, { "front": "la ambigüedad", "back": "ambiguity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 45, "example_front": "El texto se presta a la ambigüedad.", "example_back": "The text lends itself to ambiguity." }, { "front": "paupérrimo", "back": "extremely poor", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 46, "example_front": "Vivían en condiciones paupérrimas.", "example_back": "They lived in extremely poor conditions." }, { "front": "la muestra representativa", "back": "representative sample", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 47, "example_front": "Necesitan una muestra representativa mayor.", "example_back": "They need a larger representative sample." }, { "front": "el equilibrio termodinámico", "back": "thermodynamic equilibrium", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 48, "example_front": "El sistema alcanzó el equilibrio termodinámico.", "example_back": "The system reached thermodynamic equilibrium." }, { "front": "la injerencia", "back": "interference / meddling", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 49, "example_front": "Denunciaron la injerencia extranjera en las elecciones.", "example_back": "They denounced foreign interference in the elections." }, { "front": "la prescripción", "back": "statute of limitations", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 50, "example_front": "El delito ya había alcanzado la prescripción.", "example_back": "The crime had already reached the statute of limitations." }, { "front": "el trazo", "back": "brushstroke / line", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 51, "example_front": "Sus trazos son rápidos y expresivos.", "example_back": "His brushstrokes are quick and expressive." }, { "front": "la abnegación", "back": "self-denial / selflessness", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 52, "example_front": "Su abnegación por la familia era total.", "example_back": "Her selflessness for the family was total." }, { "front": "la coyuntura", "back": "economic juncture / situation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 53, "example_front": "La coyuntura actual favorece la inversión.", "example_back": "The current juncture favors investment." }, { "front": "la audiencia", "back": "audience / ratings", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 54, "example_front": "El programa perdió audiencia este año.", "example_back": "The show lost ratings this year." }, { "front": "la desertificación", "back": "desertification", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 55, "example_front": "La desertificación avanza en el sur.", "example_back": "Desertification is advancing in the south." }, { "front": "la huella digital", "back": "digital footprint", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 56, "example_front": "Cuida su huella digital en redes sociales.", "example_back": "He's careful about his digital footprint on social media." }, { "front": "la premisa", "back": "premise", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 57, "example_front": "Toda la teoría parte de una premisa errónea.", "example_back": "The whole theory starts from a flawed premise." }, { "front": "ingente", "back": "huge / enormous", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 58, "example_front": "Se necesita un esfuerzo ingente para lograrlo.", "example_back": "A huge effort is needed to achieve it." }, { "front": "la revisión por pares", "back": "peer review", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 59, "example_front": "El artículo pasó la revisión por pares.", "example_back": "The article passed peer review." }, { "front": "la síntesis", "back": "synthesis", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 60, "example_front": "La síntesis de la proteína requiere varios pasos.", "example_back": "Protein synthesis requires several steps." }, { "front": "el escrutinio", "back": "vote count / scrutiny", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 61, "example_front": "El escrutinio se completó de madrugada.", "example_back": "The vote count was completed at dawn." }, { "front": "el resarcimiento", "back": "compensation / redress", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 62, "example_front": "Exigieron el resarcimiento de los daños.", "example_back": "They demanded redress for the damages." }, { "front": "la obra maestra", "back": "masterpiece", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 63, "example_front": "Se considera su obra maestra.", "example_back": "It's considered his masterpiece." }, { "front": "el desapego", "back": "detachment", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 64, "example_front": "Practica el desapego emocional.", "example_back": "He practices emotional detachment." }, { "front": "el estancamiento", "back": "stagnation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 65, "example_front": "La economía sufre un estancamiento prolongado.", "example_back": "The economy suffers a prolonged stagnation." }, { "front": "el rotativo", "back": "newspaper (formal term)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 66, "example_front": "El rotativo local cerró tras décadas.", "example_back": "The local newspaper closed after decades." }, { "front": "el vertedero", "back": "landfill", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 67, "example_front": "El vertedero municipal está casi lleno.", "example_back": "The municipal landfill is almost full." }, { "front": "los macrodatos", "back": "big data", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 68, "example_front": "Analizan macrodatos para prever tendencias.", "example_back": "They analyze big data to predict trends." }, { "front": "la inferencia", "back": "inference", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 69, "example_front": "Hizo una inferencia arriesgada a partir de los datos.", "example_back": "He made a risky inference from the data." }, { "front": "menester", "back": "necessary (ser menester)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 70, "example_front": "Es menester revisar el contrato con calma.", "example_back": "It is necessary to review the contract carefully." }, { "front": "el marco teórico", "back": "theoretical framework", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 71, "example_front": "El marco teórico se basa en dos autores.", "example_back": "The theoretical framework is based on two authors." }, { "front": "el compuesto", "back": "compound", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 72, "example_front": "Descubrieron un nuevo compuesto orgánico.", "example_back": "They discovered a new organic compound." }, { "front": "la connivencia", "back": "connivance / collusion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 73, "example_front": "Se sospecha connivencia entre el juez y el acusado.", "example_back": "Connivance between the judge and the accused is suspected." }, { "front": "el fuero", "back": "special jurisdiction / legal privilege", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 74, "example_front": "El diputado invocó su fuero parlamentario.", "example_back": "The deputy invoked his parliamentary privilege." }, { "front": "el matiz", "back": "nuance / shade", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 75, "example_front": "Captó cada matiz de la luz.", "example_back": "He captured every nuance of the light." }, { "front": "la autoestima", "back": "self-esteem", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 76, "example_front": "Trabajar la autoestima lleva tiempo.", "example_back": "Building self-esteem takes time." }, { "front": "la morosidad", "back": "late payment / arrears", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 77, "example_front": "La morosidad de los clientes preocupa al banco.", "example_back": "Client arrears worry the bank." }, { "front": "el enfoque", "back": "angle / approach (of a story)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 78, "example_front": "Cambiaron el enfoque de la investigación.", "example_back": "They changed the angle of the investigation." }, { "front": "la restauración de hábitats", "back": "habitat restoration", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 79, "example_front": "El proyecto financia la restauración de hábitats.", "example_back": "The project funds habitat restoration." }, { "front": "la computación en la nube", "back": "cloud computing", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 80, "example_front": "Migraron todo a la computación en la nube.", "example_back": "They migrated everything to cloud computing." }, { "front": "la contradicción", "back": "contradiction", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 81, "example_front": "Hay una contradicción evidente entre ambos discursos.", "example_back": "There's an obvious contradiction between both speeches." }, { "front": "postrero", "back": "last / final (literary)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 82, "example_front": "Fueron sus postreras palabras.", "example_back": "Those were his final words." }, { "front": "la tesis doctoral", "back": "doctoral thesis", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 83, "example_front": "Defendió su tesis doctoral en junio.", "example_back": "He defended his doctoral thesis in June." }, { "front": "la molécula", "back": "molecule", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 84, "example_front": "La molécula de agua tiene dos átomos de hidrógeno.", "example_back": "The water molecule has two hydrogen atoms." }, { "front": "el desacato", "back": "contempt of authority", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 85, "example_front": "Fue acusado de desacato a la autoridad.", "example_back": "He was accused of contempt of authority." }, { "front": "la exculpación", "back": "exculpation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 86, "example_front": "Las pruebas condujeron a su exculpación.", "example_back": "The evidence led to his exculpation." }, { "front": "la composición", "back": "composition", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 87, "example_front": "La composición equilibra los colores fríos y cálidos.", "example_back": "The composition balances cool and warm colors." }, { "front": "el trauma", "back": "trauma", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 88, "example_front": "El accidente le dejó un trauma profundo.", "example_back": "The accident left him with a deep trauma." }, { "front": "el apalancamiento", "back": "leverage", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 89, "example_front": "Usaron demasiado apalancamiento financiero.", "example_back": "They used too much financial leverage." }, { "front": "la viralización", "back": "going viral", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 90, "example_front": "La viralización del vídeo lo hizo famoso.", "example_back": "The video going viral made him famous." }, { "front": "la huella hídrica", "back": "water footprint", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 91, "example_front": "Reducir la huella hídrica es un reto agrícola.", "example_back": "Reducing the water footprint is an agricultural challenge." }, { "front": "el sesgo algorítmico", "back": "algorithmic bias", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 92, "example_front": "Estudian el sesgo algorítmico en la contratación.", "example_back": "They study algorithmic bias in hiring." }, { "front": "la sutileza", "back": "subtlety", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 93, "example_front": "Captó la sutileza del comentario.", "example_back": "She caught the subtlety of the remark." }, { "front": "cuantioso", "back": "considerable / substantial", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 94, "example_front": "Sufrieron cuantiosas pérdidas económicas.", "example_back": "They suffered considerable financial losses." }, { "front": "el plagio", "back": "plagiarism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 95, "example_front": "Lo acusaron de plagio académico.", "example_back": "He was accused of academic plagiarism." }, { "front": "el organismo", "back": "organism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 96, "example_front": "El organismo se adapta al nuevo entorno.", "example_back": "The organism adapts to the new environment." }, { "front": "la contienda electoral", "back": "electoral race", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 97, "example_front": "La contienda electoral se decidirá por poco margen.", "example_back": "The electoral race will be decided by a narrow margin." }, { "front": "el dictamen", "back": "ruling / expert opinion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 98, "example_front": "El comité emitió su dictamen final.", "example_back": "The committee issued its final ruling." }, { "front": "el claroscuro", "back": "chiaroscuro", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 99, "example_front": "Usa el claroscuro para crear dramatismo.", "example_back": "He uses chiaroscuro to create drama." }, { "front": "la ambivalencia", "back": "ambivalence", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 100, "example_front": "Siente ambivalencia respecto a mudarse.", "example_back": "She feels ambivalence about moving." }, { "front": "la subcontratación", "back": "outsourcing", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 101, "example_front": "Recurren a la subcontratación para reducir costes.", "example_back": "They resort to outsourcing to cut costs." }, { "front": "el bulo", "back": "hoax / fake news", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 102, "example_front": "El bulo se desmintió rápidamente.", "example_back": "The hoax was quickly debunked." }, { "front": "el ecosistema", "back": "ecosystem", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 103, "example_front": "El ecosistema marino sufre un grave deterioro.", "example_back": "The marine ecosystem suffers serious deterioration." }, { "front": "la interfaz", "back": "interface", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 104, "example_front": "La interfaz es intuitiva y sencilla.", "example_back": "The interface is intuitive and simple." }, { "front": "la coherencia", "back": "coherence", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 105, "example_front": "El ensayo carece de coherencia interna.", "example_back": "The essay lacks internal coherence." }, { "front": "dilucidar", "back": "to elucidate / clarify", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 106, "example_front": "Aún queda por dilucidar la causa exacta.", "example_back": "The exact cause has yet to be elucidated." }, { "front": "la validez", "back": "validity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 107, "example_front": "Cuestionaron la validez del experimento.", "example_back": "They questioned the validity of the experiment." }, { "front": "la reacción en cadena", "back": "chain reaction", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 108, "example_front": "La reacción en cadena libera mucha energía.", "example_back": "The chain reaction releases a lot of energy." }, { "front": "la geopolítica", "back": "geopolitics", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 109, "example_front": "La geopolítica de la región es muy compleja.", "example_back": "The geopolitics of the region is very complex." }, { "front": "el recurso de apelación", "back": "appeal", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 110, "example_front": "Presentaron un recurso de apelación.", "example_back": "They filed an appeal." }, { "front": "la sinestesia", "back": "synesthesia", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 111, "example_front": "El poema evoca sinestesia entre sonido y color.", "example_back": "The poem evokes synesthesia between sound and color." }, { "front": "el subconsciente", "back": "subconscious", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 112, "example_front": "Los sueños revelan el subconsciente.", "example_back": "Dreams reveal the subconscious." }, { "front": "el pasivo", "back": "liabilities", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 113, "example_front": "El pasivo supera al activo este trimestre.", "example_back": "Liabilities exceed assets this quarter." }, { "front": "la credibilidad", "back": "credibility", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 114, "example_front": "El escándalo dañó su credibilidad.", "example_back": "The scandal damaged his credibility." }, { "front": "la especie invasora", "back": "invasive species", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 115, "example_front": "La especie invasora amenaza la fauna local.", "example_back": "The invasive species threatens local wildlife." }, { "front": "el código abierto", "back": "open source", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 116, "example_front": "El proyecto se basa en código abierto.", "example_back": "The project is based on open source." }, { "front": "la disyuntiva", "back": "dilemma / either-or choice", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 117, "example_front": "Se enfrenta a una difícil disyuntiva.", "example_back": "He faces a difficult dilemma." }, { "front": "concomitante", "back": "concomitant / accompanying", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 118, "example_front": "El dolor es un síntoma concomitante de la enfermedad.", "example_back": "Pain is a concomitant symptom of the disease." }, { "front": "la fiabilidad", "back": "reliability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 119, "example_front": "La fiabilidad de los datos es alta.", "example_back": "The reliability of the data is high." }, { "front": "el electrón", "back": "electron", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 120, "example_front": "El electrón gira alrededor del núcleo.", "example_back": "The electron orbits the nucleus." }, { "front": "el statu quo", "back": "status quo", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 121, "example_front": "El nuevo gobierno quiere romper el statu quo.", "example_back": "The new government wants to break the status quo." }, { "front": "el sobreseimiento", "back": "dismissal of a case", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 122, "example_front": "El juez decretó el sobreseimiento de la causa.", "example_back": "The judge ordered the case dismissed." }, { "front": "el simbolismo", "back": "symbolism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 123, "example_front": "El simbolismo religioso domina el cuadro.", "example_back": "Religious symbolism dominates the painting." }, { "front": "la empatía", "back": "empathy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 124, "example_front": "Mostró mucha empatía con sus pacientes.", "example_back": "She showed great empathy with her patients." }, { "front": "la liquidez", "back": "liquidity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 125, "example_front": "La empresa necesita más liquidez.", "example_back": "The company needs more liquidity." }, { "front": "el embargo informativo", "back": "press embargo / news blackout", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 126, "example_front": "Impusieron un embargo informativo sobre el caso.", "example_back": "They imposed a news blackout on the case." }, { "front": "el sumidero de carbono", "back": "carbon sink", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 127, "example_front": "Los bosques actúan como sumidero de carbono.", "example_back": "Forests act as a carbon sink." }, { "front": "la vulnerabilidad informática", "back": "security vulnerability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 128, "example_front": "Detectaron una vulnerabilidad informática grave.", "example_back": "They detected a serious security vulnerability." }, { "front": "el sesgo de confirmación", "back": "confirmation bias", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 129, "example_front": "El sesgo de confirmación distorsiona su juicio.", "example_back": "Confirmation bias distorts his judgment." }, { "front": "baladí", "back": "trivial / insignificant", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 130, "example_front": "No es un asunto baladí.", "example_back": "It's not a trivial matter." }, { "front": "el paradigma", "back": "paradigm", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 131, "example_front": "Propuso un nuevo paradigma científico.", "example_back": "He proposed a new scientific paradigm." }, { "front": "la fisión nuclear", "back": "nuclear fission", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 132, "example_front": "La fisión nuclear libera enormes cantidades de energía.", "example_back": "Nuclear fission releases huge amounts of energy." }, { "front": "la insurgencia", "back": "insurgency", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 133, "example_front": "El ejército combate una insurgencia armada.", "example_back": "The army is fighting an armed insurgency." }, { "front": "la vigencia", "back": "validity / being in force", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 134, "example_front": "La ley perdió su vigencia el año pasado.", "example_back": "The law lost its validity last year." }, { "front": "la estética", "back": "aesthetics", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 135, "example_front": "Su estética minimalista es reconocible.", "example_back": "Her minimalist aesthetic is recognizable." }, { "front": "el letargo", "back": "lethargy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 136, "example_front": "El calor lo sumió en un letargo total.", "example_back": "The heat plunged him into total lethargy." }, { "front": "el activo", "back": "assets", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 137, "example_front": "Vendieron varios activos no esenciales.", "example_back": "They sold several non-essential assets." }, { "front": "la exclusiva", "back": "exclusive (story)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 138, "example_front": "El canal ofreció una exclusiva mundial.", "example_back": "The channel offered a world exclusive." }, { "front": "la bioacumulación", "back": "bioaccumulation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 139, "example_front": "La bioacumulación de mercurio afecta a los peces.", "example_back": "Mercury bioaccumulation affects fish." }, { "front": "el cortafuegos", "back": "firewall", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 140, "example_front": "El cortafuegos bloqueó el ataque.", "example_back": "The firewall blocked the attack." }, { "front": "la relatividad", "back": "relativity (concept)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 141, "example_front": "La relatividad de los valores varía según la cultura.", "example_back": "The relativity of values varies by culture." }, { "front": "sobremanera", "back": "exceedingly", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 142, "example_front": "Le preocupa sobremanera el resultado.", "example_back": "The outcome worries him exceedingly." }, { "front": "la variable independiente", "back": "independent variable", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 143, "example_front": "La temperatura fue la variable independiente.", "example_back": "Temperature was the independent variable." }, { "front": "la ecuación diferencial", "back": "differential equation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 144, "example_front": "Resolvió la ecuación diferencial en la pizarra.", "example_back": "He solved the differential equation on the board." }, { "front": "el revisionismo", "back": "revisionism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 145, "example_front": "Los historiadores critican el revisionismo histórico.", "example_back": "Historians criticize historical revisionism." }, { "front": "la subsanación", "back": "rectification of a defect", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 146, "example_front": "Se pidió la subsanación del error administrativo.", "example_back": "The rectification of the administrative error was requested." }, { "front": "el virtuosismo", "back": "virtuosity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 147, "example_front": "El pianista mostró un virtuosismo asombroso.", "example_back": "The pianist showed astonishing virtuosity." }, { "front": "la melancolía", "back": "melancholy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 148, "example_front": "Una suave melancolía impregna el poema.", "example_back": "A gentle melancholy permeates the poem." }, { "front": "la volatilidad", "back": "volatility", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 149, "example_front": "La volatilidad del mercado inquieta a los inversores.", "example_back": "Market volatility worries investors." }, { "front": "el corresponsal", "back": "correspondent", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 150, "example_front": "El corresponsal informó desde el frente.", "example_back": "The correspondent reported from the front." }, { "front": "la erosión del suelo", "back": "soil erosion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 151, "example_front": "La erosión del suelo reduce la cosecha.", "example_back": "Soil erosion reduces the harvest." }, { "front": "la suplantación de identidad", "back": "identity theft / phishing", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 152, "example_front": "Fue víctima de suplantación de identidad.", "example_back": "He was a victim of identity theft." }, { "front": "la subjetividad", "back": "subjectivity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 153, "example_front": "La crítica de arte tiene un componente de subjetividad.", "example_back": "Art criticism has a component of subjectivity." }, { "front": "amén de", "back": "besides / in addition to", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 154, "example_front": "Amén de inteligente, es muy trabajador.", "example_back": "Besides being intelligent, he is very hardworking." }, { "front": "la conjetura", "back": "conjecture", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 155, "example_front": "Es solo una conjetura sin pruebas.", "example_back": "It's just a conjecture without proof." }, { "front": "el vector", "back": "vector", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 156, "example_front": "El vector indica dirección y magnitud.", "example_back": "The vector indicates direction and magnitude." }, { "front": "la moción de censura", "back": "vote of no confidence", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 157, "example_front": "La oposición presentó una moción de censura.", "example_back": "The opposition filed a vote of no confidence." }, { "front": "el incumplimiento", "back": "breach / non-compliance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 158, "example_front": "Denunciaron el incumplimiento del contrato.", "example_back": "They reported the breach of contract." }, { "front": "la partitura", "back": "musical score", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 159, "example_front": "El compositor entregó la partitura completa.", "example_back": "The composer delivered the complete score." }, { "front": "la congoja", "back": "anguish / distress", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 160, "example_front": "La congoja no la dejaba dormir.", "example_back": "The anguish kept her from sleeping." }, { "front": "el gravamen", "back": "tax / levy / lien", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 161, "example_front": "El inmueble tiene un gravamen pendiente.", "example_back": "The property has an outstanding lien." }, { "front": "la portada", "back": "front page / cover", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 162, "example_front": "Salió en portada de todos los diarios.", "example_back": "It made the front page of every newspaper." }, { "front": "el blanqueamiento de coral", "back": "coral bleaching", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 163, "example_front": "El blanqueamiento de coral se acelera con el calor.", "example_back": "Coral bleaching accelerates with the heat." }, { "front": "la trazabilidad digital", "back": "digital traceability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 164, "example_front": "La trazabilidad digital ayuda a detectar fraudes.", "example_back": "Digital traceability helps detect fraud." }, { "front": "la objetividad", "back": "objectivity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 165, "example_front": "El juez debe actuar con total objetividad.", "example_back": "The judge must act with complete objectivity." }, { "front": "postrimerías", "back": "final stages / last years", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 166, "example_front": "Escribió la novela en las postrimerías de su vida.", "example_back": "He wrote the novel in the final years of his life." }, { "front": "la disertación", "back": "dissertation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 167, "example_front": "Presentó su disertación ante el tribunal.", "example_back": "He presented his dissertation before the committee." }, { "front": "la anomalía", "back": "anomaly", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 168, "example_front": "Los datos mostraron una anomalía inesperada.", "example_back": "The data showed an unexpected anomaly." }, { "front": "el clientelismo", "back": "political patronage", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 169, "example_front": "El clientelismo debilita las instituciones.", "example_back": "Political patronage weakens institutions." }, { "front": "la responsabilidad civil", "back": "civil liability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 170, "example_front": "El seguro cubre la responsabilidad civil.", "example_back": "The insurance covers civil liability." }, { "front": "el guion", "back": "screenplay / script", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 171, "example_front": "Escribió el guion en tres meses.", "example_back": "He wrote the screenplay in three months." }, { "front": "el hastío", "back": "weariness / ennui", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 172, "example_front": "Sentía hastío de la rutina diaria.", "example_back": "He felt weary of the daily routine." }, { "front": "la amortización", "back": "amortization", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 173, "example_front": "La amortización del préstamo dura veinte años.", "example_back": "The loan's amortization lasts twenty years." }, { "front": "el editorial", "back": "editorial", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 174, "example_front": "El editorial critica la nueva ley.", "example_back": "The editorial criticizes the new law." }, { "front": "la escorrentía", "back": "runoff", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 175, "example_front": "La escorrentía agrícola contamina el lago.", "example_back": "Agricultural runoff pollutes the lake." }, { "front": "el algoritmo de recomendación", "back": "recommendation algorithm", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 176, "example_front": "El algoritmo de recomendación sugiere productos similares.", "example_back": "The recommendation algorithm suggests similar products." }, { "front": "el determinismo", "back": "determinism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 177, "example_front": "El determinismo niega el libre albedrío.", "example_back": "Determinism denies free will." }, { "front": "a la sazón", "back": "at that time", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 178, "example_front": "A la sazón, vivía en Sevilla.", "example_back": "At that time, he lived in Seville." }, { "front": "el índice de citas", "back": "citation index", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 179, "example_front": "Su índice de citas es muy alto.", "example_back": "His citation index is very high." }, { "front": "el experimento controlado", "back": "controlled experiment", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 180, "example_front": "Diseñaron un experimento controlado riguroso.", "example_back": "They designed a rigorous controlled experiment." }, { "front": "la hegemonía", "back": "hegemony", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 181, "example_front": "Buscan mantener su hegemonía regional.", "example_back": "They seek to maintain their regional hegemony." }, { "front": "el arraigo", "back": "(legal/social) ties / roots", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 182, "example_front": "Demostró arraigo suficiente para la residencia.", "example_back": "He proved sufficient ties for residency." }, { "front": "la coreografía", "back": "choreography", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 183, "example_front": "La coreografía combina ballet y danza contemporánea.", "example_back": "The choreography combines ballet and contemporary dance." }, { "front": "la zozobra", "back": "anguish / anxiety", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 184, "example_front": "Vivían con zozobra por el futuro.", "example_back": "They lived in anxiety about the future." }, { "front": "el fideicomiso", "back": "trust (financial/legal)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 185, "example_front": "Puso sus bienes en un fideicomiso.", "example_back": "He put his assets in a trust." }, { "front": "el índice de audiencia", "back": "audience rating", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 186, "example_front": "El índice de audiencia subió un veinte por ciento.", "example_back": "The audience rating rose twenty percent." }, { "front": "la capa de ozono", "back": "ozone layer", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 187, "example_front": "La capa de ozono se está recuperando lentamente.", "example_back": "The ozone layer is slowly recovering." }, { "front": "la obsolescencia programada", "back": "planned obsolescence", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 188, "example_front": "Critican la obsolescencia programada de los móviles.", "example_back": "They criticize the planned obsolescence of phones." }, { "front": "el relativismo", "back": "relativism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 189, "example_front": "El relativismo moral genera mucho debate.", "example_back": "Moral relativism generates much debate." }, { "front": "fehaciente", "back": "irrefutable / conclusive", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 190, "example_front": "Aportaron pruebas fehacientes.", "example_back": "They provided irrefutable evidence." }, { "front": "la exégesis", "back": "exegesis", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 191, "example_front": "La exégesis del texto lleva siglos.", "example_back": "The exegesis of the text spans centuries." }, { "front": "la variable dependiente", "back": "dependent variable", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 192, "example_front": "El rendimiento fue la variable dependiente.", "example_back": "Performance was the dependent variable." }, { "front": "el bipartidismo", "back": "two-party system", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 193, "example_front": "El bipartidismo domina la política del país.", "example_back": "Two-party politics dominates the country." }, { "front": "la usucapión", "back": "adverse possession", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 194, "example_front": "Reclamó el terreno por usucapión.", "example_back": "He claimed the land through adverse possession." }, { "front": "el montaje", "back": "editing / assembly (film)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 195, "example_front": "El montaje acelera el ritmo de la escena.", "example_back": "The editing speeds up the pace of the scene." }, { "front": "el recelo", "back": "suspicion / wariness", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 196, "example_front": "Mira con recelo a los desconocidos.", "example_back": "He views strangers with suspicion." }, { "front": "la fusión empresarial", "back": "corporate merger", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 197, "example_front": "La fusión empresarial creó un gigante del sector.", "example_back": "The corporate merger created a giant in the sector." }, { "front": "la polarización", "back": "polarization", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 198, "example_front": "La polarización política divide al país.", "example_back": "Political polarization divides the country." }, { "front": "el smog", "back": "smog", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 199, "example_front": "El smog cubre la ciudad cada invierno.", "example_back": "Smog covers the city every winter." }, { "front": "la realidad aumentada", "back": "augmented reality", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 200, "example_front": "La app usa realidad aumentada para probar muebles.", "example_back": "The app uses augmented reality to try out furniture." }, { "front": "la abstracción", "back": "abstraction", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 201, "example_front": "El cuadro roza la pura abstracción.", "example_back": "The painting borders on pure abstraction." }, { "front": "lato sensu", "back": "in a broad sense", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 202, "example_front": "Hablando lato sensu, todos son responsables.", "example_back": "Broadly speaking, everyone is responsible." }, { "front": "el compendio", "back": "compendium / summary", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 203, "example_front": "Publicó un compendio de sus ensayos.", "example_back": "He published a compendium of his essays." }, { "front": "la extrapolación", "back": "extrapolation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 204, "example_front": "La extrapolación de los datos es arriesgada.", "example_back": "The extrapolation of the data is risky." }, { "front": "la disidencia", "back": "dissent", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 205, "example_front": "El régimen reprime cualquier disidencia.", "example_back": "The regime suppresses any dissent." }, { "front": "el embargo", "back": "seizure (of assets)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 206, "example_front": "El banco ordenó el embargo de la cuenta.", "example_back": "The bank ordered the seizure of the account." }, { "front": "la escenografía", "back": "stage design / set design", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 207, "example_front": "La escenografía recrea una ciudad medieval.", "example_back": "The stage design recreates a medieval city." }, { "front": "la impotencia", "back": "helplessness / powerlessness", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 208, "example_front": "Sintió impotencia ante la injusticia.", "example_back": "He felt helplessness in the face of injustice." }, { "front": "el desembolso", "back": "disbursement / outlay", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 209, "example_front": "El proyecto requiere un gran desembolso inicial.", "example_back": "The project requires a large initial outlay." }, { "front": "el clickbait", "back": "clickbait", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 210, "example_front": "Ese titular es puro clickbait.", "example_back": "That headline is pure clickbait." }, { "front": "la sobreexplotación", "back": "overexploitation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 211, "example_front": "La sobreexplotación pesquera vacía los mares.", "example_back": "Overfishing empties the seas." }, { "front": "la conectividad", "back": "connectivity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 212, "example_front": "Mejoraron la conectividad en zonas remotas.", "example_back": "They improved connectivity in remote areas." }, { "front": "la casuística", "back": "casuistry / case-by-case reasoning", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 213, "example_front": "La casuística legal complica el veredicto.", "example_back": "Legal casuistry complicates the verdict." }, { "front": "per se", "back": "in itself", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 214, "example_front": "El precio, per se, no es el problema.", "example_back": "The price, in itself, is not the problem." }, { "front": "la erudición", "back": "erudition / scholarship", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 215, "example_front": "Su erudición impresionó al tribunal.", "example_back": "His erudition impressed the committee." }, { "front": "la propiedad emergente", "back": "emergent property", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 216, "example_front": "La conciencia podría ser una propiedad emergente.", "example_back": "Consciousness might be an emergent property." }, { "front": "el golpe de estado", "back": "coup d'état", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 217, "example_front": "El golpe de estado fracasó en pocas horas.", "example_back": "The coup d'état failed within hours." }, { "front": "la prórroga", "back": "extension / deferral", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 218, "example_front": "Solicitó una prórroga del plazo.", "example_back": "He requested an extension of the deadline." }, { "front": "el repertorio", "back": "repertoire", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 219, "example_front": "La orquesta amplió su repertorio clásico.", "example_back": "The orchestra expanded its classical repertoire." }, { "front": "el desahogo", "back": "relief / venting", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 220, "example_front": "Hablar con ella fue un desahogo.", "example_back": "Talking to her was a relief." }, { "front": "la cartera", "back": "portfolio", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 221, "example_front": "Diversificó su cartera de inversiones.", "example_back": "He diversified his investment portfolio." }, { "front": "la fuente anónima", "back": "anonymous source", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 222, "example_front": "El artículo cita una fuente anónima.", "example_back": "The article cites an anonymous source." }, { "front": "el pesticida", "back": "pesticide", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 223, "example_front": "El pesticida afecta a las abejas.", "example_back": "The pesticide affects bees." }, { "front": "el servidor", "back": "server", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 224, "example_front": "El servidor se cayó durante una hora.", "example_back": "The server went down for an hour." }, { "front": "la retórica", "back": "rhetoric", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 225, "example_front": "Su retórica convence aunque los datos fallen.", "example_back": "His rhetoric convinces even when the data falls short." }, { "front": "verosímil", "back": "plausible / believable", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 226, "example_front": "Su versión de los hechos resulta verosímil.", "example_back": "His version of events is plausible." }, { "front": "el rigor científico", "back": "scientific rigor", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 227, "example_front": "El estudio carece de rigor científico.", "example_back": "The study lacks scientific rigor." }, { "front": "la constante universal", "back": "universal constant", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 228, "example_front": "La velocidad de la luz es una constante universal.", "example_back": "The speed of light is a universal constant." }, { "front": "la censura", "back": "censorship", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 229, "example_front": "La prensa denuncia la censura estatal.", "example_back": "The press denounces state censorship." }, { "front": "el testimonio", "back": "testimony", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 230, "example_front": "Su testimonio fue clave en el juicio.", "example_back": "His testimony was key in the trial." }, { "front": "la crítica literaria", "back": "literary criticism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 231, "example_front": "Estudia crítica literaria en la universidad.", "example_back": "She studies literary criticism at university." }, { "front": "la introversión", "back": "introversion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 232, "example_front": "Su introversión no le impide liderar.", "example_back": "Her introversion doesn't stop her from leading." }, { "front": "el excedente", "back": "surplus / excess", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 233, "example_front": "Vendieron el excedente de producción.", "example_back": "They sold the production surplus." }, { "front": "el desmentido", "back": "denial / retraction", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 234, "example_front": "La empresa publicó un desmentido oficial.", "example_back": "The company published an official denial." }, { "front": "la conservación", "back": "conservation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 235, "example_front": "El parque se dedica a la conservación de especies.", "example_back": "The park is dedicated to species conservation." }, { "front": "la escalabilidad", "back": "scalability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 236, "example_front": "El sistema fue diseñado pensando en la escalabilidad.", "example_back": "The system was designed with scalability in mind." }, { "front": "el silogismo", "back": "syllogism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 237, "example_front": "El silogismo parte de dos premisas válidas.", "example_back": "The syllogism starts from two valid premises." }, { "front": "inefable", "back": "ineffable / indescribable", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 238, "example_front": "Sintió una alegría inefable.", "example_back": "She felt an ineffable joy." }, { "front": "el estado de la cuestión", "back": "state of the art / literature review", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 239, "example_front": "El capítulo repasa el estado de la cuestión.", "example_back": "The chapter reviews the state of the art." }, { "front": "el isótopo", "back": "isotope", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 240, "example_front": "Usan un isótopo radiactivo para el diagnóstico.", "example_back": "They use a radioactive isotope for diagnosis." }, { "front": "el populismo", "back": "populism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 241, "example_front": "Analistas alertan sobre el auge del populismo.", "example_back": "Analysts warn about the rise of populism." }, { "front": "la nulidad", "back": "nullity / annulment", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 242, "example_front": "Pidieron la nulidad del contrato.", "example_back": "They requested the nullity of the contract." }, { "front": "el lirismo", "back": "lyricism", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 243, "example_front": "Su poesía destaca por su lirismo intenso.", "example_back": "Her poetry stands out for its intense lyricism." }, { "front": "el arrebato", "back": "outburst / fit (of emotion)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 244, "example_front": "Tuvo un arrebato de ira.", "example_back": "He had an outburst of anger." }, { "front": "la plusvalía", "back": "capital gain", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 245, "example_front": "Pagó impuestos sobre la plusvalía.", "example_back": "He paid taxes on the capital gain." }, { "front": "la trascendencia mediática", "back": "media impact / significance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 246, "example_front": "El caso tuvo enorme trascendencia mediática.", "example_back": "The case had enormous media impact." }, { "front": "el impacto ambiental", "back": "environmental impact", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 247, "example_front": "Evaluaron el impacto ambiental de la presa.", "example_back": "They assessed the dam's environmental impact." }, { "front": "el protocolo", "back": "protocol", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 248, "example_front": "El nuevo protocolo mejora la seguridad.", "example_back": "The new protocol improves security." }, { "front": "la intangibilidad", "back": "intangibility", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 249, "example_front": "La intangibilidad de la marca dificulta su valoración.", "example_back": "The intangibility of the brand makes it hard to value." }, { "front": "huelga decir", "back": "it goes without saying", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 250, "example_front": "Huelga decir que el riesgo es alto.", "example_back": "It goes without saying that the risk is high." }, { "front": "la falsabilidad", "back": "falsifiability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 251, "example_front": "La falsabilidad es clave en el método científico.", "example_back": "Falsifiability is key to the scientific method." }, { "front": "la fusión nuclear", "back": "nuclear fusion", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 252, "example_front": "La fusión nuclear alimenta al sol.", "example_back": "Nuclear fusion powers the sun." }, { "front": "el estamento", "back": "social stratum / establishment", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 253, "example_front": "El estamento militar tiene mucho peso allí.", "example_back": "The military establishment holds great influence there." }, { "front": "la responsabilidad civil", "back": "civil liability (contractual context)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 254, "example_front": "El contrato limita la responsabilidad civil del proveedor.", "example_back": "The contract limits the supplier's civil liability." }, { "front": "la sátira", "back": "satire", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 255, "example_front": "La novela es una sátira de la burguesía.", "example_back": "The novel is a satire of the bourgeoisie." }, { "front": "la abulia", "back": "abulia (lack of will/motivation)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 256, "example_front": "La abulia le impedía tomar decisiones.", "example_back": "The lack of will kept him from making decisions." }, { "front": "el gremio", "back": "guild / trade association", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 257, "example_front": "El gremio de comerciantes protestó.", "example_back": "The merchants' guild protested." }, { "front": "el rigor periodístico", "back": "journalistic rigor", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 258, "example_front": "El reportaje destaca por su rigor periodístico.", "example_back": "The report stands out for its journalistic rigor." }, { "front": "la trazabilidad", "back": "traceability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 259, "example_front": "La trazabilidad del producto garantiza su origen.", "example_back": "The product's traceability guarantees its origin." }, { "front": "la interoperabilidad", "back": "interoperability", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 260, "example_front": "La interoperabilidad entre sistemas sigue siendo un reto.", "example_back": "Interoperability between systems remains a challenge." }, { "front": "la disonancia cognitiva", "back": "cognitive dissonance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 261, "example_front": "Sentía disonancia cognitiva entre sus actos y sus valores.", "example_back": "He felt cognitive dissonance between his actions and his values." }, { "front": "so pena de", "back": "under penalty of", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 262, "example_front": "Debe presentarse, so pena de multa.", "example_back": "He must appear, under penalty of a fine." }, { "front": "la taxonomía", "back": "taxonomy", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 263, "example_front": "Propusieron una nueva taxonomía de especies.", "example_back": "They proposed a new taxonomy of species." }, { "front": "la célula madre", "back": "stem cell", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 264, "example_front": "Investigan terapias con células madre.", "example_back": "They research stem cell therapies." }, { "front": "la partitocracia", "back": "partitocracy (rule by parties)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 265, "example_front": "Critican la partitocracia que domina el parlamento.", "example_back": "They criticize the partitocracy that dominates parliament." }, { "front": "el allanamiento de morada", "back": "breaking and entering", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 266, "example_front": "Lo detuvieron por allanamiento de morada.", "example_back": "He was arrested for breaking and entering." }, { "front": "el pastiche", "back": "pastiche", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 267, "example_front": "La película es un pastiche de varios géneros.", "example_back": "The film is a pastiche of several genres." }, { "front": "el desdén", "back": "disdain", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 268, "example_front": "Trató la propuesta con desdén.", "example_back": "He treated the proposal with disdain." }, { "front": "la patronal", "back": "employers' association", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 269, "example_front": "La patronal rechazó la propuesta sindical.", "example_back": "The employers' association rejected the union's proposal." }, { "front": "la manipulación mediática", "back": "media manipulation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 270, "example_front": "Denunciaron la manipulación mediática del suceso.", "example_back": "They denounced the media manipulation of the event." }, { "front": "el residuo tóxico", "back": "toxic waste", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 271, "example_front": "La fábrica vertía residuos tóxicos ilegalmente.", "example_back": "The factory was illegally dumping toxic waste." }, { "front": "la infraestructura crítica", "back": "critical infrastructure", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 272, "example_front": "Protegen la infraestructura crítica del país.", "example_back": "They protect the country's critical infrastructure." }, { "front": "el axioma", "back": "axiom", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 273, "example_front": "Parte de un axioma que nadie cuestiona.", "example_back": "It starts from an axiom nobody questions." }, { "front": "de suyo", "back": "inherently / by nature", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 274, "example_front": "El proceso es de suyo complicado.", "example_back": "The process is inherently complicated." }, { "front": "el sesgo de selección", "back": "selection bias", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 275, "example_front": "El sesgo de selección afectó los resultados.", "example_back": "Selection bias affected the results." }, { "front": "el genoma", "back": "genome", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 276, "example_front": "Secuenciaron el genoma completo.", "example_back": "They sequenced the complete genome." }, { "front": "el rédito político", "back": "political payoff", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 277, "example_front": "El acuerdo le trajo un gran rédito político.", "example_back": "The deal brought him a great political payoff." }, { "front": "la alevosía", "back": "premeditation (legal aggravating factor)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 278, "example_front": "El fiscal alegó alevosía en el crimen.", "example_back": "The prosecutor alleged premeditation in the crime." }, { "front": "la iconografía", "back": "iconography", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 279, "example_front": "La iconografía cristiana influye en su obra.", "example_back": "Christian iconography influences his work." }, { "front": "la añoranza", "back": "longing / nostalgia", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 280, "example_front": "Sentía añoranza de su tierra natal.", "example_back": "He felt longing for his homeland." }, { "front": "el arancel", "back": "tariff", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 281, "example_front": "El nuevo arancel encarece las importaciones.", "example_back": "The new tariff makes imports more expensive." }, { "front": "la deontología periodística", "back": "journalistic ethics", "level": "C1", "tags": ["media"], "word_frequency": 282, "example_front": "El código de deontología periodística exige verificar las fuentes.", "example_back": "The journalistic code of ethics requires verifying sources." }, { "front": "la huella ecológica", "back": "ecological footprint", "level": "C1", "tags": ["environment"], "word_frequency": 283, "example_front": "Reducir la huella ecológica es prioritario.", "example_back": "Reducing the ecological footprint is a priority." }, { "front": "la vulnerabilidad", "back": "vulnerability (general/security sense)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["technology"], "word_frequency": 284, "example_front": "El informe señala una vulnerabilidad crítica del sistema.", "example_back": "The report points out a critical vulnerability in the system." }, { "front": "la verosimilitud", "back": "verisimilitude / plausibility", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 285, "example_front": "La novela pierde verosimilitud hacia el final.", "example_back": "The novel loses plausibility toward the end." }, { "front": "empero", "back": "however (literary)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["register"], "word_frequency": 286, "example_front": "El plan era ambicioso; empero, fracasó.", "example_back": "The plan was ambitious; however, it failed." }, { "front": "la erudición académica", "back": "academic erudition", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 287, "example_front": "Su erudición académica es reconocida internacionalmente.", "example_back": "His academic erudition is internationally recognized." }, { "front": "la radiación", "back": "radiation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["science"], "word_frequency": 288, "example_front": "La radiación solar afecta la piel.", "example_back": "Solar radiation affects the skin." }, { "front": "el escaño", "back": "parliamentary seat", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 289, "example_front": "El partido ganó tres escaños más.", "example_back": "The party won three more seats." }, { "front": "la indemnización", "back": "compensation / damages", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 290, "example_front": "La empresa pagará una indemnización millonaria.", "example_back": "The company will pay a huge compensation." }, { "front": "el trasfondo", "back": "backdrop / underlying theme", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 291, "example_front": "El trasfondo histórico enriquece la trama.", "example_back": "The historical backdrop enriches the plot." }, { "front": "el sosiego", "back": "calm / tranquility", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 292, "example_front": "El jardín le devolvió el sosiego.", "example_back": "The garden restored his calm." }, { "front": "la especulación", "back": "speculation", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 293, "example_front": "La especulación disparó el precio de la vivienda.", "example_back": "Speculation drove up housing prices." }, { "front": "la trascendencia", "back": "transcendence / significance", "level": "C1", "tags": ["abstract"], "word_frequency": 294, "example_front": "El descubrimiento tiene una gran trascendencia.", "example_back": "The discovery has great significance." }, { "front": "el abstención electoral", "back": "electoral abstention", "level": "C1", "tags": ["politics"], "word_frequency": 295, "example_front": "La abstención electoral alcanzó un récord histórico.", "example_back": "Electoral abstention reached a historic high." }, { "front": "la validez jurídica", "back": "legal validity", "level": "C1", "tags": ["law"], "word_frequency": 296, "example_front": "Cuestionan la validez jurídica del acuerdo.", "example_back": "They're questioning the legal validity of the agreement." }, { "front": "el mecenas", "back": "patron (of the arts)", "level": "C1", "tags": ["arts"], "word_frequency": 297, "example_front": "El mecenas financió toda la exposición.", "example_back": "The patron funded the entire exhibition." }, { "front": "la abnegación materna", "back": "maternal self-sacrifice", "level": "C1", "tags": ["psychology"], "word_frequency": 298, "example_front": "Su abnegación materna no conocía límites.", "example_back": "Her maternal self-sacrifice knew no bounds." }, { "front": "el margen operativo", "back": "operating margin", "level": "C1", "tags": ["business"], "word_frequency": 299, "example_front": "El margen operativo mejoró este trimestre.", "example_back": "The operating margin improved this quarter." }, { "front": "el rigor analítico", "back": "analytical rigor", "level": "C1", "tags": ["academic"], "word_frequency": 300, "example_front": "El informe destaca por su rigor analítico.", "example_back": "The report stands out for its analytical rigor." } ] }